[9] The Greek Archaeological Service has also been excavating periodically on Chios since 1970, though much of its work on the island remains unpublished. Masticul Chios este rasina arborelui de mastic si este cunoscut si recoltat din antichitate, de cel putin 2500 de … These “tears” are piney-smelling, gummy mastic resin, which drips down from small slashes locals cut into the bark. Ottomans landed a large force on the island consequently and put down the rebellion. Archaeological findings prove that the island has been inhabited since 6.000 b.C. Nous n'exportons pas de gomme naturelle de mastic ou le chewing gum ELMA à de grandes quantités ou à des prix de gros. Mastic, widely known since ancient times for its beneficial and therapeutic properties, is an aromatic resin offered to us by the mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus var. His rule was benign and effective control remained in the hands of the local Greek landowners. By 1566, when Genoa lost Chios to the Ottoman Empire, there were 12.000 Greeks and 2.500 Genoese (or 17% of the total population) in the island.[31]. The size and duration of these settlements have therefore not been well-established. and that the town of Chios was built by Ionians just before 1.000 b.C. [33] The original Greek (Romaniote) Jews, thought to have been brought over by the Romans, were later joined by Sephardic Jews welcomed by the Ottomans during the Iberian expulsions of the 15th century. Mastic trees grow in several areas. 5 out of … It was closely connected to Homer’s tradition and was acknowledged as the major poet’s school. Grant, Michael (1989). L'aéroport de Chios … In the southern region of the island are the Mastichochoria[5] (literally "Mastic Villages"), the seven villages of Mesta (Μεστά), Pyrgi (Πυργί), Olympi (Ολύμποι), Kalamoti (Καλαμωτń), Vessa (Βέσσα), Lithi (Λιθί), and Elata (Ελάτα), which together have controlled the production of mastic gum in the area since the Roman period. [29] At this time the island was frequently attacked by pirates, and by 1302–1303 was a target for the renewed Turkish fleets. The Ottoman massacre of Chios expelled, killed or enslaved thousands of the inhabitants of the island.[35]. They attempted to turn the island towards the Latin and Papal powers, and away from the predominant Byzantine influence. It wiped out whole villages and affected the Mastichochoria area, the mastic growing villages in the south of the island. Mastic has constituted - and still does - the emblem of the island of Chios… As well as the Latin and Turkish influx, documents record a small Jewish population from at least 1049 AD. This ended when the final band of communist fighters was trapped and killed in the orchards of Kampos and their bodies driven through the main town on the back of a truck. Leaving from Elaea, they were headed to the harbour of Phanae, planning to disembark from there to Macedonia. These are a series of fortified villages built in the 14th century during Genovese rule (1346-1566). Reports of the time spoke of 5,500–10,000 fatalities. [6] In 1952, due to the shortage of monks, Nea Moni was converted to a convent. Chios island is crescent or kidney shaped, 50 km (31 mi) long from north to south, and 29 km (18 mi) at its widest, covering an area of 842.289 km2 (325.210 sq mi). The island's climate is warm and moderate, categorised as Temperate, Mediterranean (Csa), with modest variation due to the stabilising effect of the surrounding sea. Guild Publishing London. Following the militarization of the island, Turkey announced a navigational telex (Navtex) from Izmir on Tuesday, 15 September 2020 citing Greece violated the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. – Mastic trees grow in several parts of the island and only the mastic trees of Chios offer their uniquely flavoured resin in tears, mastihi, at the south part of the island, the Mastic Villages, thanks to the unique climate and soil of the area. [28] However, the Turks were driven back from the Aegean coast by the Byzantines aided by the First Crusade, and the island was restored to Byzantine rule by admiral Constantine Dalassenos. During antiquity, this strategic location of Chios offered the island the advantage to be the leader of commerce, as it was the crossing between East and West and the island was in good terms with Ionia. Chios Mastic: The Island’s Precious Product If you have ever heard anything about Chios Island, chances are you have also heard about its world-famous product – the mastic. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF STONES., CHAP. Συνεχίζοντας σε αυτό τον ιστότοπο αποδέχεστε την χρήση των cookies στη συσκευή σας όπως περιγράφεται στην πολιτική cookies. The mainstay of the island's famous wealth was the mastic crop. [10], It is also widely held by scholars that the island was not occupied by humans during the Middle Bronze Age (2300–1600), though researchers have recently suggested that the lack of evidence from this period may only demonstrate the lack of excavations on Chios and the northern Aegean. )", "1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis", "First World War.com – On This Day – 17 February 1916", "This Insane Greek Fireworks Battle Puts Your July 4th to Shame", "Turkey announces new Navtex over Greece militarization of demilitarized island", Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chios&oldid=992367591, Mediterranean port cities and towns in Greece, Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands, Articles with Greek-language sources (el), Short description is different from Wikidata, Instances of Lang-el using second unnamed parameter, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Ligurian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [15] They were eventually driven out by invading Ionians. The shrub is native to the Mediterranean region, primarily the Greek island of Chios. It is a natural, aromatic resin in teardrop shape, falling on the ground in drops from superficial … In March 1821, under about 4 centuries of occupation, Greece had revolted against … On the Greek island of Chios, trees weep. To prevent Turkish expansion, the island was reconquered and kept as a renewable concession, at the behest of the Byzantine emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus, by the Genovese Benedetto I Zaccaria (1304), then admiral to Philip of France. Horos: Ena Archaeognostiko Periodiko 4 (1986): 145–153. Chios is one of the seven towns (Smyrna, Chios, Kolofon, Ithaca, Pyrgos, Argos and Athens) that claim Homer’s origins. Midway up the east coast lie the main population centers, the main town of Chios, and the regions of Vrontados and Kambos. Le Mastic Point Studios se trouve à 1,1 km du musée archéologique de Chios et à 500 mètres du musée byzantin de Chios. Mastic is a gum or resin collected from an evergreen, dioecious shrub, which can grow to approximately 3 m in height. Up to 1300 women and 50 children were housed in cramped and degrading conditions, until March 1949 when the camp was closed and the inhabitants moved to Trikeri.[39]. Le mastic – ou mastiha en grec – est né sur l’île de Chios.Il a voyagé à travers le monde. )—AT WHAT PERIOD MARBLE WAS FIRST USED IN BUILDINGS", "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios. The Rock of Daskalopetra, hung above the beach of Vrontados, is one of the most popular monuments of the island. Chios joined the rest of independent Greece after the First Balkan War (1912). After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by the Latin emperors of Constantinople, with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the Republic of Venice. The noticeable uniformity in the size of houses at Emporeio leads some scholars to believe that there may have been little social distinction during the Neolithic era on the island. Last week the summer forest fires ravaged many areas of Greece including the island of Chios. The dynamic development of Chian shipping in the 19th century is further attested by the various shipping related services that were present in the island during this time, such as the creation of the shipping insurance companies Chiaki Thalassoploia (Χιακή Θαλασσοπλοΐα), Dyo Adelfai (Δυο Αδελφαί), Omonoia (Ομόνοια) and the shipping bank Archangelos (Αρχάγγελος) (1863). ɒ s /; Greek: Χίος, pronounced ; Turkish: Sakız Adası alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the Aegean Sea, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) off the Anatolian coast. [26], According to the Acts of the Apostles, Luke the Evangelist, Paul the Apostle and their companions passed Chios during Paul's third missionary journey, on a passage from Lesbos to Samos.[27]. C’est un produit naturel qui a été largement adopté et utilisé de différentes manières par les peuples de la Méditerranée Orientale. The Chians however closed their gates, startled at the calamity. The Classical Greeks. This came to an end when the island was briefly held (1090–97) by Tzachas, a Turkish bey in the region of Smyrna during the first expansion of the Turks to the Aegean coast. Principalele arome utilizate în lichiorul mastica de Chios, masticul distilat și uleiul de mastic sunt în întregime derivate din masticul de Chios certificat din punct de vedere a denumirii de origine protejate. As a result, Chios, at the end of the 7th century BC,[16] was one of the first cities to strike or mint coins, establishing the sphinx as its symbol. Le mastic est récolté sur l'île de Chios en Grèce, et bénéficie des labels AOC et AOP depuis 1997. Directly in the centre of the island, between the villages of Avgonyma to the west and Karyes to the east, is the 11th century monastery of Nea Moni, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. After the Roman conquest Chios became part of the province of Asia. Near the western part of the island the popular beaches are Santa Eirini, Lithi, Elinta, Metohi, Tigani, Trahili, Prastia, Magemena, Managro, Limnia, Lefkathia, Limnos, Lampsa, Santa Markella. Agelarakis A., "Analyses of Cremated Human Skeletal Remains Dating to the Seventh Century BC, Chios, Greece". There is even a medieval legend that explains the reason behind this phenomenon, according to which the mastic … At Lade, the Chian fleet doggedly continued to fight the Persian fleet even after the defection of the Samians and others, but the Chians were ultimately forced to retreat and were again subjected to Persian domination. The tree that produces mastic is called the mastic tree and it is an evergreen shrub of 2-3m. Chios is internationally acknowledged as a geological paradise thanks to the island’s diversity in the most ancient rocks in Europe, the most ancient ammonite fossils in Greece and also thanks to the impressive fault lines and large number of karstic formations. (1275–1329. Chios is home to mastiha also known as mastic and unfortunately the fires destroyed almost … Eumenes' officers at first thought the intercepting fleet were friendly Romans, but scattered upon realizing they were facing an attack by their Macedonian enemy, some choosing to abandon ship and swim to Erythrae. Chios is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. [40], The present municipality Chios was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[1]. [45], A native of Chios is known in English as a Chian. (6. During the Third Macedonian War, thirty-five vessels allied to Rome, carrying about 1,000 Galatian troops, as well as a number of horses, were sent by Eumenes II to his brother Attalus. The island is separated from Turkey by the Çeşme Strait. North of Chios Town lies the large suburb of Vrontados (population 4,500), which claims to be the birthplace of Homer. The internationally unique mastic is produced on the island of Chios. Others, crashing their ships into land on Chios, fled toward the city. The natural gum mastic of Chios is recognized as a natural medicine (HPMC) also by the European Medicines Agency (ΕΜΑ). It is thought that the majority of the population lived in that area.[21]. In 412 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, Chios revolted against Athens, and the Athenians besieged it. Arbel, Benjamin, Bernard Hamilton, and David Jacob. Finally, Chios was not included in the modern Greek state and remained under Ottoman rule. – Chios is one of the seven towns (Smyrna, Chios, Kolofon, Ithaca, Pyrgos, Argos, Athens) that claim Homer’s origins. Chios’s beaches, like Lo’s Ormos, Afanis Naftis, Tagma at Santa Paraskevi, Daskalopetra and Glaros beach, can satisfy all visitors’ individual expectations. Another building dating back to the Genoese occupation is Skotini Filaki, associated with a tragic event of the newer history of the island of Chios, as it served as a prison where 70 notables of the island were held in 1822 before their eventual hanging. Masticul este marca protejata de … Again rule was transferred peacefully, as on 12 September the castle was surrendered and a treaty signed with no loss of privileges to the local landowners as long as the new authority was accepted. The Mastic of Chios is protected from the European Union as a Product with Protected Designation of Origin. Chia). They proclaimed the revolution and launched attacks against the Turks, at which point islanders decided to join the struggle. From shop MeseloponLtd. Mastic trees grow in several areas. Chios Town, with a population of 32,400, is built around the island's main harbour and medieval castle. These countries included Gaul, Upper Egypt, and Southern Russia.[24]. Ce mastic … [11], By at least the 11th century BC the island was ruled by a monarchy, and the subsequent transition to aristocratic (or possibly tyrannic) rule occurred sometime over the next four centuries. Near the gate, a double storey building, known as Palati Ioustiniani is located at the castle’s interior, dating back to the years of the Genoese occupation, housing the administration’s residency. In 1566 Ottoman admiral Piali Pasha captured Chios. After the permanent division of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, Chios was for six centuries part of the Byzantine Empire. Greek Pure Chios Mastic Mastiha Powder Or Large Tears Resin Herbal Medicine Baking Pastry & Beauty Care Chios Island 100-400g 3.52-14.10oz MeseloponLtd. by Ruth G Durlacher-Wolper 1982(Published by The New World Museum, San Salvador, Bahamas), List of twin towns and sister cities in Greece, Patriarch Constantine V of Constantinople, "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. The Greek Navy liberated Chios in November 1912 in a hard-fought, but brief amphibious operation. Feb 19, 2016 - Mastic product is unique, grown exclusively on Chios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. Known as Ophioússa (Οφιούσσα, "snake island") and Pityoussa (Πιτυούσσα, "pine-tree island") in antiquity, during the later Middle Ages the island was ruled by a number of non-Greek powers and was known as Scio (Genoese), Chio (Italian) and Sakız (صاقيز —Ottoman Turkish). Chios was one of the original twelve member states of the Ionian League. In March 1948, the island was used as an internment camp for female political detainees (communists or relatives of guerillas) and their children, who were housed in military barracks near the town of Chios. [3] The suburb lies in the Omiroupoli municipality, and its connection to the poet is supported by an archaeological site known traditionally as "Teacher's Rock".[4]. Although Greece was officially neutral, the island was occupied by the British during World War I. The primary sites of research for this period have been cave dwellings at Hagio(n) Galas in the north and a settlement and accompanying necropolis in modern-day Emporeio at the far south of the island. The island normally experiences steady breezes (average 3–5 m/s (6.7–11.2 mph)) throughout the year, with wind direction predominantly northerly ("Etesian" Wind—locally called the "Meltemi") or southwesterly (Sirocco). [1] Locals refer to Chios town as Chora (Χώρα literally means land or country, but usually refers to the capital or a settlement at the highest point of a Greek island). Mastiha is a resin retrieved from the mastic evergreen, a shrub of the species Pistacia lentiscus.Native to the Greek island of Chios, mastiha has a tear-drop shape when solidified, earning the name "drops of Chios… One of the most beautiful beaches on the island of Chios, with black volcano pebbles, resulting from the eruption of the currently idle volcano Psaronas, is Mavra Volia or Mavros Gialos, located near the picturesque harbour of Emporio. An ancient inscription (at Chios Archaeological Museum) from a fifth-century funerary monument for Heropythos the son of Philaios, traced his family back over fourteen generations to Kyprios at the tenth century BC, before there were any written records in Greece. [citation needed] Along the east coast are the fishing villages of Kataraktis (Καταρράκτης) and to the south, Nenita (Νένητα). You will also have the opportunity to visit the island’s caves, two of which are open to the public, the Cave of Olympi and the cave of Saint Milk. Le passage des Génois à Chios (1346-1566 ap. Un produit unique qui suscite, encore aujourd’hui, l’intérêt de … – The origin of Eugene Delacroix’s idea for his work The Slaughtering of Chios comes from the Greek Revolution and the island of Chios. The local merchant shipping community transports several locally grown products including mastic, olives, figs, wine, mandarins, and cherries. After 10 years of suffering, this product cleared my problem up … Mastic was a gift for Chios and at the same time a curse since it has always been the bone of contention for conquerors. Archaeological research on Chios has found evidence of habitation dating back at least to the Neolithic era. Following its reconstruction, it currently houses periodic exhibitions of antiquities. The Ottoman Empire recognized Greece's annexation of Chios and the other Aegean islands by the Treaty of London (1913). Chios (/ˈkaɪ.ɒs, ˈkaɪ.oʊs, ˈkiː-/; Greek: Χίος, romanized: Khíos [ˈçi.os] (listen)) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated in the northern Aegean Sea. The Genoese, being interested in profit rather than conquest, controlled the trade-posts and warehouses, in particular the trade of mastic, alum, salt and pitch. This relative stability was ended by the sacking of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade (1204) and during the turmoil of the 13th century the island's ownership was constantly affected by the regional power struggles. The monastery had substantial estates attached, with a thriving community until the massacre of 1822. In Greece, mastic is known as the “tears of Chios”, because it has the form of droplets or “tears” and is traditionally produced in Chios. Theopompus returned to Chios with the other exiles in 333 BC after Alexander had invaded Asia Minor and decreed their return,[22] as well as the exile or trial of Persian supporters on the island. These villages had an economy based on the cultivation of mastic, a gum like sap from the mastic … Average temperatures normally range from a summer high of 27 °C (81 °F) to a winter low of 11 °C (52 °F) in January, although temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) or below freezing can sometimes be encountered. Chia, Anacardaceae family), a shrub flourishing in Southern Chios. It was further damaged during the 1881 earthquake. In the 6th century BC, Chios' government adopted a constitution similar to that developed by Solon in Athens[17] and later developed democratic elements with a voting assembly and people's magistrates called damarchoi. The Massacre of Chios: The Massacre of Chios remains a bloody and glorious event in the history of modern Greece. When the Greek War of Independence broke out, the island's leaders were reluctant to join the revolutionaries, fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. Athena Zacharou-Loutrari, Vaso Penna, Tasoula Mandala: Michales G. Tsankares, Alkes X. Xanthakes: This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 22:13. Future excavations may reveal more information about this period. Le mastic de Chios est unique, comme il vient de l'arbre de mastic… Copacii de mastic cresc doar in Chios, insula greceasca inconjurata de apele Marii Egee, a caror scoarta "plange" cu lacrimi de cristal. L'établissement assure des services de prêt et de location de vélos. However, only the mastic trees of Chios offer their uniquely flavoured resin in tears, mastihi, at the south part of the island, the Mastihohoria. The combination is then diluted with water and sweetened before it is bottled. It is claimed that it was a martyrs’ place, where women from Chios committed suicide during the Destruction in order to avoid being held by Ottomans. Pliny remarks upon the islanders' use of variegated marble in their buildings, and their appreciation for such stone above murals or other forms of artificial decoration. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is The mastic … [2] The terrain is mountainous and arid, with a ridge of mountains running the length of the island. Mastica Chios Gum Mastic, 120 capsules, 500 mg each $51.50 produced by Allergy Research Group A testimonial This is my second order. Benedetto Zacharia was followed by his son Paleologo and then his grandsons or nephews Benedetto II and Martino. Mastic (Greek: Μαστίχα, Turkish: Damla sakızı) is a resin obtained from the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus).It is also known as tears of Chios, being traditionally produced on the island Chios, and, like other natural resins, is produced in "tears" or droplets.. Mastic … The two largest of these mountains, Pelineon (1,297 m (4,255 ft)) and Epos (1,188 m (3,898 ft)), are situated in the north of the island. The Byzantine rulers had little influence and through the Treaty of Nymphaeum, authority was ceded to the Republic of Genoa (1261). Of the 1,000 men, 800 were killed, 200 taken prisoner.'. The medieval castle of Chios dates back to the end of the 10th century, with narrow streets and buildings of several eras and has been inhabited since its construction. Chios Mastiha Liqueur (Greek: Μαστίχα Χίου, Greek pronunciation: [masˈtixa ˈçi.u]) is a liqueur flavoured with mastic distillate or mastic oil from the island of Chios.The name Chios Mastiha has protected designation of origin status in the European Union. area and average elevation)", 1881 and 1949 earthquakes at the Chios-Cesme Strait (Aegean Sea) and their relation to tsunamis, A translation of the decree can be viewed online, "Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXVI. Arborele de mastic este vesnic verde, creste pana la 6-10 picioare inaltime si incepe sa produca mastic pe la varsta de 5 sau 6 ani. Masticul de Chios (se pronunta « Hios ») este o varianta de mastic, un mic arbore care creste in partea de sud a insulei cu acelasi nume si are denumirea latina Pistachia lenticus var. Chios (/ ˈ k aɪ. The island’s beaches will enchant you and a tour around the island’s monuments will travel you back to ancient years. In 1881, an earthquake, estimated as 6.5 on the moment magnitude scale, damaged a large portion of the island's buildings and resulted in great loss of life. To this end, Chian ship owners were supported by the strong diaspora presence of Chian merchants and bankers, and the connections they had developed with the financing centers of the time (Istanbul, London), the establishment in London of shipping businessmen, the creation of shipping academies in Chios and the expertise of Chian personnel on board.[37]. The town was substantially damaged by an earthquake in 1881, and only partially retains its original character. Le mastic voyage…Erevan, Chypre, Rhodes, Damas, Alexandrie, … It maintained this tradition for almost 900 years. The center of the island is divided between east and west by a range of smaller peaks, known as Provatas. It was affected also by the population exchange after the Greco–Turkish War of 1919–1922, with the incoming Greek refugees settling in Kastro (previously a Turkish neighborhood) and in new settlements hurriedly built south of Chios town. The island of Chios remarkably combines history, culture and a beautiful natural landscape of exceptional architecture and local products. Restaurants near The Chios Mastic Museum: (5.83 mi) Kanellos Loukoumades (1.82 mi) Pandaisia Beach Bar (5.98 mi) Meltemaki (9.46 mi) Roussiko (9.17 mi) Agyra Restaurant; View all restaurants near The Chios Mastic Museum on Tripadvisor $ See more ideas about Mastic tree, Chios, Greece. The villages, built between the 14th and 16th centuries, have a carefully designed layout with fortified gates and narrow streets to protect against the frequent raids by marauding pirates. Masticul de Chios. The locals, still loyal to the Byzantine Empire, responded to a letter from the emperor and, despite a standing army of a thousand infantrymen, a hundred cavalrymen and two galleys, expelled the Zacharia family from the island (1329) and dissolved the fiefdom.[30]. However, Perseus's naval commander Antenor intercepted the fleet between Erythrae (on the Western coast of Turkey) and Chios. Although the islanders firmly rejected an initial offer of protection, the island was invaded by a Genoese fleet, led by Simone Vignoso, and the castle besieged. The current castle, with a perimeter of 1,400 m (4,600 ft), was principally constructed during the time of Venetian and Ottoman rule, although remains have been found dating settlements there back to 2000 B.C. The liqueur is made by macerating Chios mastic or Chios mastic oil in grain spirit or distilling it with alcohol. However, only the mastic trees of Chios … The inhabitants apparently all benefited from agricultural and livestock farming. of height, living for over 100 years. mastik, mastix, mastiha Le mastic de Chios, 100% pur, naturel, brut, en “grosses larmes” Le mastic naturel. Masticul ("lacrimile din Chios… The British School at Athens under the direction of Sinclair Hood excavated the Emporeio site in 1952–1955, and most current information comes from these digs. Sa culture traditionnelle sur l'île est inscrite au patrimoine culturel immatériel de l'humanité par l'UNESCO … Near the town’s square old buildings are saved from the years of the island’s Turkish occupation, like the Bairakli Tzami, the Osmanie Tzami and several Ottoman fountains. The tree that produces mastic is called the mastic tree and it is an evergreen shrub of 2-3m. Relief only came the following year when the Spartans were able to raise the siege. Chios is notable for its exports of mastic gum and its nickname is "the Mastic Island". They landed on 17 February 1916. The best part of Chios and what makes the island unique is what are known as the mastikahoria, the famous mastic villages of Chios. Pherecydes, native to the Aegean, wrote that the island was occupied by the Leleges,[14] aboriginal Greeks who were reported to be subjected to the Minoans on Crete. The island is separated from Turkey by the Chios Strait. Moreover, three beaches, famous for their white pebble, are Giossonas, Nagos and Gialyskari. The mastic … Chios Mastic… This may have been due to the island's proximity to the Ottoman Empire and the city of İzmir in particular.[38]. Chios Mastiha is the name of a resinous sap produced from the mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus var.